Advances and Challenges in Crispr-cas9 Microbial Genome Editing: a Review

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized genome editing, providing a powerful and precise tool for modifying genetic material across various biological systems. This review explores its mechanisms, applications, and future directions, highlighting its impact on human health, microbial engineering, and protist research. CRISPR-based genome editing has enabled breakthroughs in treating genetic disorders and microbiome modulation, with promising applications in oral health for bacterial regulation and antibiotic resistance management. Beyond medical applications, CRISPR technology has facilitated genetic manipulation in protists, advancing research on parasite biology, host-pathogen interactions, and industrial biotechnology. Despite its vast potential, CRISPR-Cas9 presents challenges, including off-target effects, immunogenicity, and technical barriers in genome delivery and repair mechanisms. Addressing these limitations requires the development of high-fidelity Cas variants, improved delivery methods, and advanced detection tools. As research progresses, CRISPR technology is expected to play a transformative role in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. With continuous advancements, CRISPR-Cas9 remains at the forefront of genetic engineering, offering novel solutions for scientific and medical challenges.